all the steps to optimize performance on Ubuntu 22.04, along with exception handling. This script will be combined into a single shell script for easy execution.

optimize_ubuntu_22.md

# Optimize Ubuntu 22.04 Performance

This guide provides a comprehensive set of steps to optimize performance on Ubuntu 22.04. The steps include disabling unnecessary services, optimizing I/O scheduler, disabling Transparent Huge Pages (THP), enabling write caching, optimizing swappiness and VFS cache pressure, disabling IPv6, optimizing file descriptors, enabling CPU frequency scaling, disabling unnecessary kernel modules, optimizing boot parameters, enabling preload, and optimizing system updates.

## Steps

### 1. Disable Unnecessary Services

Disable unnecessary services to free up system resources.

```bash
sudo systemctl disable snapd.service
sudo systemctl disable snapd.socket
sudo systemctl disable snapd.seeded.service
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily.service
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily.timer
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.service
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.timer

2. Optimize I/O Scheduler

The I/O scheduler determines how disk I/O requests are handled. For SSDs, the noop or none scheduler is often the best choice.

echo 'noop' | sudo tee /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler

To make this change permanent, add it to /etc/rc.local or create a udev rule.

3. Disable Transparent Huge Pages (THP)

THP can cause performance issues in some workloads. Disable it for better performance.

echo never | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
echo never | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag

To make this change permanent, add it to /etc/rc.local or create a systemd service.

4. Enable Write Caching

Enable write caching for better disk performance.

sudo hdparm -W 1 /dev/sda

5. Optimize Swappiness and VFS Cache Pressure

Adjust swappiness and VFS cache pressure for better memory management.

sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
sudo sysctl vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50

To make these changes permanent, add them to /etc/sysctl.conf.

6. Disable IPv6

Disable IPv6 if you don't need it.

echo 'net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

7. Optimize File Descriptors

Increase the number of file descriptors for better performance.

echo '* soft nofile 65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf
echo '* hard nofile 65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf
echo 'session required pam_limits.so' | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/common-session

8. Enable CPU Frequency Scaling

Enable CPU frequency scaling for better power management.

sudo apt-get install cpufrequtils
echo 'GOVERNOR="performance"' | sudo tee /etc/default/cpufrequtils
sudo systemctl restart cpufrequtils

9. Disable Unnecessary Kernel Modules

Disable unnecessary kernel modules to reduce boot time and resource usage.

sudo nano /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

Add the following lines to disable unnecessary modules:

blacklist usb_storage
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist snd_pcsp
blacklist bluetooth
blacklist btusb

10. Optimize Boot Parameters

Optimize boot parameters for better performance.

sudo nano /etc/default/grub

Add or modify the following line:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash intel_pstate=active no_timer_check"

Update GRUB:

sudo update-grub

11. Enable Preload

Preload can improve application launch times by preloading frequently used applications into memory.

sudo apt-get install preload
sudo systemctl enable preload
sudo systemctl start preload

12. Optimize System Updates

Optimize system updates by disabling automatic updates.

sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades

Change the following lines:

APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "0";
APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "0";
APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval "0";
APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "0";

Comprehensive Shell Script with Exception Handling

#!/bin/bash

# Function to handle errors
handle_error() {
    echo "Error: $1" >&2
    exit 1
}

# 1. Disable unnecessary services
echo "Disabling unnecessary services..."
sudo systemctl disable snapd.service || handle_error "Failed to disable snapd.service"
sudo systemctl disable snapd.socket || handle_error "Failed to disable snapd.socket"
sudo systemctl disable snapd.seeded.service || handle_error "Failed to disable snapd.seeded.service"
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily.service || handle_error "Failed to disable apt-daily.service"
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily.timer || handle_error "Failed to disable apt-daily.timer"
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.service || handle_error "Failed to disable apt-daily-upgrade.service"
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.timer || handle_error "Failed to disable apt-daily-upgrade.timer"

# 2. Optimize I/O Scheduler
echo "Optimizing I/O scheduler..."
echo 'noop' | sudo tee /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler || handle_error "Failed to set I/O scheduler"

# 3. Disable Transparent Huge Pages (THP)
echo "Disabling Transparent Huge Pages (THP)..."
echo never | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled || handle_error "Failed to disable THP"
echo never | sudo tee /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag || handle_error "Failed to disable THP defrag"

# 4. Enable Write Caching
echo "Enabling write caching..."
sudo hdparm -W 1 /dev/sda || handle_error "Failed to enable write caching"

# 5. Optimize Swappiness and VFS Cache Pressure
echo "Optimizing swappiness and VFS cache pressure..."
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10 || handle_error "Failed to set swappiness"
sudo sysctl vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50 || handle_error "Failed to set VFS cache pressure"
echo 'vm.swappiness=10' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf || handle_error "Failed to set swappiness permanently"
echo 'vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf || handle_error "Failed to set VFS cache pressure permanently"

# 6. Disable IPv6
echo "Disabling IPv6..."
echo 'net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf || handle_error "Failed to disable IPv6"
echo 'net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf || handle_error "Failed to disable IPv6"
echo 'net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf || handle_error "Failed to disable IPv6"
sudo sysctl -p || handle_error "Failed to apply sysctl settings"

# 7. Optimize File Descriptors
echo "Optimizing file descriptors..."
echo '* soft nofile 65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf || handle_error "Failed to set file descriptors"
echo '* hard nofile 65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf || handle_error "Failed to set file descriptors"
echo 'session required pam_limits.so' | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/common-session || handle_error "Failed to set file descriptors"

# 8. Enable CPU Frequency Scaling
echo "Enabling CPU frequency scaling..."
sudo apt-get install -y cpufrequtils || handle_error "Failed to install cpufrequtils"
echo 'GOVERNOR="performance"' | sudo tee /etc/default/cpufrequtils || handle_error "Failed to set CPU governor"
sudo systemctl restart cpufrequtils || handle_error "Failed to restart cpufrequtils"

# 9. Disable Unnecessary Kernel Modules
echo "Disabling unnecessary kernel modules..."
sudo nano /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf || handle_error "Failed to edit blacklist.conf"

# 10. Optimize Boot Parameters
echo "Optimizing boot parameters..."
sudo nano /etc/default/grub || handle_error "Failed to edit grub configuration"
sudo update-grub || handle_error "Failed to update GRUB"

# 11. Enable Preload
echo "Enabling preload..."
sudo apt-get install -y preload || handle_error "Failed to install preload"
sudo systemctl enable preload || handle_error "Failed to enable preload"
sudo systemctl start preload || handle_error "Failed to start preload"

# 12. Optimize System Updates
echo "Optimizing system updates..."
sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades || handle_error "Failed to edit auto-upgrades configuration"

echo "Optimization complete!"

Conclusion

This comprehensive script combines all the steps to optimize performance on Ubuntu 22.04, along with exception handling to ensure that any errors are caught and reported. Save this script to a file, make it executable, and run it to apply the optimizations.