Created
November 18, 2025 12:34
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Latency Comparison Numbers (~2025)
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| Latency Comparison Numbers (~2025) | |
| ---------------------------------- | |
| L1 cache reference ~1 ns | |
| Branch mispredict ~3 ns | |
| L2 cache reference 4 ns ~4x L1 | |
| Mutex lock/unlock (uncontended) 17–25 ns | |
| Main memory reference 70–100 ns ~100x L1 | |
| Compress 1 KB with Snappy (Zippy) 2,000 ns 2 us | |
| Send 2 KB over 10 Gbps network 1,600 ns 1.6 us | |
| Read 4 KB randomly from NVMe SSD 20,000 ns 20 us | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 10,000 ns 10 us | |
| Round trip within same datacenter 100,000–500,000 ns 0.1–0.5 ms | |
| AWS AZ-to-AZ RTT (same region) 400,000–700,000 ns 0.4–0.7 ms | |
| AWS Region-to-Region RTT (US-East ↔ US-West) | |
| 30,000,000–50,000,000 ns 30–50 ms | |
| AWS Region-to-Region RTT (US ↔ EU) | |
| 70,000,000–110,000,000 ns 70–110 ms | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from NVMe SSD 100,000 ns 0.1 ms | |
| Disk seek (HDD) 10,000,000 ns 10 ms | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from HDD 5,000,000 ns 5 ms | |
| Read 1 MB over 1 Gbps network 10,000,000 ns 10 ms | |
| Transcontinental RTT (CA ↔ NL, public internet) | |
| 150,000,000 ns 150 ms | |
| Notes | |
| ----- | |
| 1 ns = 10^-9 seconds | |
| 1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns | |
| 1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns |
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