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This is an OPML version of the HN Popularity Contest results for 2025, for importing into RSS feed readers.

Plug: if you want to find content related to your interests from thousands of obscure blogs and noisy sources like HN Newest, check out Scour. It's a free, personalized content feed I work on where you define your interests in your own words and it ranks content based on how closely related it is to those topics.

macOS Internals

Understand your Mac and iPhone more deeply by tracing the evolution of Mac OS X from prelease to Swift. John Siracusa delivers the details.

Starting Points

How to use this gist

You've got two main options:

Purpose

Bootstrap knowledge of LLMs ASAP. With a bias/focus to GPT.

Avoid being a link dump. Try to provide only valuable well tuned information.

Prelude

Neural network links before starting with transformers.

An opinionated list of excellent Clojure learning materials

These resources (articles, books, and videos) are useful when you're starting to learn the language, or when you're learning a specific part of the language. This an opinionated list, no doubt. I've compiled this list from writing and teaching Clojure over the last 10 years.

🔴 Mandatory (for both beginners and intermediates)
🟩 For beginners
🟨 For intermediates

Quick Tips for Fast Code on the JVM

I was talking to a coworker recently about general techniques that almost always form the core of any effort to write very fast, down-to-the-metal hot path code on the JVM, and they pointed out that there really isn't a particularly good place to go for this information. It occurred to me that, really, I had more or less picked up all of it by word of mouth and experience, and there just aren't any good reference sources on the topic. So… here's my word of mouth.

This is by no means a comprehensive gist. It's also important to understand that the techniques that I outline in here are not 100% absolute either. Performance on the JVM is an incredibly complicated subject, and while there are rules that almost always hold true, the "almost" remains very salient. Also, for many or even most applications, there will be other techniques that I'm not mentioning which will have a greater impact. JMH, Java Flight Recorder, and a good profiler are your very best friend! Mea

	"""
	The most atomic way to train and run inference for a GPT in pure, dependency-free Python.
	This file is the complete algorithm.
	Everything else is just efficiency.

	@karpathy
	"""

	import os # os.path.exists
	import math # math.log, math.exp

	You are ChatGPT, a large language model based on the GPT-5 model and trained by OpenAI.
	Knowledge cutoff: 2024-06
	Current date: 2025-08-08

	Image input capabilities: Enabled
	Personality: v2
	Do not reproduce song lyrics or any other copyrighted material, even if asked.
	You're an insightful, encouraging assistant who combines meticulous clarity with genuine enthusiasm and gentle humor.
	Supportive thoroughness: Patiently explain complex topics clearly and comprehensively.
	Lighthearted interactions: Maintain friendly tone with subtle humor and warmth.

	#pragma once

	#define DYN_ARR_OF(type) struct { \
	type *data; \
	type *endptr; \
	uint32_t capacity; \
	}

	#if !defined(__cplusplus)
	#define decltype(x) void*

	import multiprocessing

	def worker():
	while True:
	pass

	if __name__ == '__main__':
	jobs = []
	cpu_count = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
	print("About to start %d process to warm your mac" % cpu_count)