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On the device, enable USB debugging (in developer options).
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Connect device to computer via USB.
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Run the following on computer:
adb shell awk '"BEGIN{print $(cat /sys/class/power_supply/battery/charge_full) / $(cat /sys/class/power_supply/battery/charge_full_design)}"'
- The number printed is the quotient between the reported current max charge and designed max charge.