Technology	Dependent Stack / System	Who Controls It & Where	Age (Year of Maturity)
EUV lithography machines	3nm/5nm semiconductor fabs	ASML (Netherlands)	2019
3nm semiconductor fabs	CPUs, GPUs, AI chips	TSMC (Taiwan), Samsung (S. Korea)	2022
AI chips with vector/SIMD processing	LLMs, GenAI, HPC	Nvidia, AMD, Google (USA)	2015
EUV photoresists & masks	EUV lithography	JSR (Japan), Merck (Germany), Shin-Etsu (Japan)	2018
Cleanroom process control	High-yield chip fabs	Applied Materials, Lam Research (USA)	2000
Rubidium atomic clocks	GPS, telecom, finance sync	Microchip, Trimble (USA)	1990
Airliner-grade jet engines	Commercial aircraft, military logistics	GE (USA), Rolls-Royce (UK), Pratt & Whitney (USA)	1995
Quantum-safe cryptography / QKD	Gov/military comms, finance	ID Quantique (Switzerland), Google, IBM	2015
High-performance RDMA (RoCE/iWARP)	HPC, datacenter fabrics	Nvidia (Mellanox), Intel, Broadcom	2010
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)	mRNA vaccines & gene therapy	Acuitas (Canada), Arcturus (USA)	2015
Ionizable lipid formulations	Targeted delivery in LNPs	Acuitas, Moderna (USA)	2015
Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs)	IR spectroscopy, defense sensors	Alpes Lasers (Switzerland)	2002
High-power fiber lasers	Industrial manufacturing, defense	IPG Photonics, Coherent, Trumpf (Germany)	2005
Directed-energy laser weapons	Anti-drone/missile defense	RTX, Lockheed, MBDA, QinetiQ	2020
Ultra-high-power pulsed lasers (≥10 PW)	Fusion research, materials physics	ELI (Romania/France), Thalès	2021